3.16. Metamethods

Metamethods are a mechanism that allows the customization of certain aspects of the language semantics. Those methods are normal functions placed in a class declaration; It is possible to change many aspects of a table/class instance behavior by just defining a metamethod. Class objects (not instances) support only 2 metamethods _newmember, _inherited .

For example when we use relational operators other than ‘==’ on 2 instances, the VM will check if the class has a method in his parent called ‘_cmp’; if so it will call it to determine the relation between the objects.:

class Comparable {
    constructor(n)
    {
        name = n;
    }
    function _cmp(other)
    {
        if(name<other.name) return -1;
        if(name>other.name) return 1;
        return 0;
    }
    name = null;
}

let a = Comparable("Alberto");
let b = Comparable("Wouter");

if(a>b)
    print("a>b")
else
    print("b<=a");

3.16.1. _set

_set(idx,val)

invoked when the index idx is not present in the object or in its delegate chain. _set must ‘throw null’ to notify that a key wasn’t found but the there were not runtime errors (clean failure). This allows the program to differentiate between a runtime error and a ‘index not found’.

3.16.2. _get

_get(idx)

invoked when the index idx is not present in the object or in its delegate chain. _get must ‘throw null’ to notify that a key wasn’t found but the there were not runtime errors (clean failure). This allows the program to differentiate between a runtime error and a ‘index not found’.

3.16.3. _newslot

_newslot(key,value)

invoked when a script tries to add a new slot in a table.

if the slot already exists in the target table the method will not be invoked also if the “new slot” operator is used.

3.16.4. _delslot

_delslot(key)

invoked when a script deletes a slot from a table. if the method is invoked quirrel will not try to delete the slot himself

3.16.5. _add

_add(other)

the + operator

returns this + other

3.16.6. _sub

_sub(other)

the - operator (like _add)

3.16.7. _mul

_mul(other)

the * operator (like _add)

3.16.8. _div

_div(other)

the / operator (like _add)

3.16.9. _modulo

_modulo(other)

the % operator (like _add)

3.16.10. _unm

_unm()

the unary minus operator

3.16.11. _typeof

_typeof()

invoked by the typeof operator on tables, userdata, and class instances.

Returns the type of this as string

3.16.12. _cmp

_cmp(other)

invoked to emulate the < > <= >= and <=> operators

returns an integer as follow:

returns	relationship
> 0	if `this` > `other`
0	if `this` == `other`
< 0	if `this` < `other`

3.16.13. _call

_call(other)

invoked when a table, userdata, or class instance is called

3.16.14. _cloned

_cloned(original)

invoked when a table or class instance is cloned(in the cloned table)

3.16.15. _nexti

_nexti(previdx)

invoked when a userdata or class instance is iterated by a foreach loop.

If previdx==null it means that it is the first iteration. The function has to return the index of the ‘next’ value.

3.16.16. _tostring

_tostring()

Invoked when during string concatenation or when the print function prints a table, instance, or userdata. The method is also invoked by the sq_tostring() API.

Must return a string representation of the object.

3.16.17. _inherited

_inherited()

invoked when a class object inherits from the class implementing _inherited. The this contains the new class.

Return value is ignored.

3.16.18. _newmember

_newmember(index,value,isstatic)

invoked for each member declared in a class body (at declaration time).

If the function is implemented, members will not be added to the class.